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The Z‑score, togeth­er with the Empir­i­cal Rule, pro­vides a frame­work for under­stand­ing the vari­abil­i­ty of data, stan­dard­iz­ing mea­sure­ments, and mak­ing informed deci­sions about hypothe­ses in the con­text of inher­ent ran­dom vari­a­tion in data. Learn how to apply the Empir­i­cal Rule to nor­mal­ly dis­trib­uted data, how to cal­cu­late Z‑scores, and how these are used in hypoth­e­sis testing.

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